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Sarangi, A.

Modelling of Declining Groundwater Depth in Kurukshetra District, Haryana, India

Abstract Views :208 | PDF Views:81

Authors

G. T. Patle ¹, D. K. Singh ², A. Sarangi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and PHT, Ranipool 737 135, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 111, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 717-723

Abstract

Changing climate of a region coupled with spatiotemporal variability of rainfall has a significant effect on groundwater recharge. An effort has been made in this study to analyse the pre- and post-monsoon average groundwater depths of different blocks in Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. The stochastic analysis of groundwater depth was carried out using auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Best-fitted models ARIMA (2, 1, 1) and ARIMA (0, 1, 2) were used for prediction of pre- and post-monsoon groundwater depth fluctuations up to the year 2020. Results indicate that by the year 2020, average groundwater depth in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the district is expected to decline by 5.63 and 5.72 m respectively, over the base year 2010. Results of this study will be helpful in evolving strategies for groundwater development and management.

Keywords

Climatic Variability, Groundwater Depth, Irrigation, Monsoon Rainfall.

Full Text

Estimation of Crop Coefficients and Water Productivity of Mustard (Brassica juncea) under Semi-Arid Conditions

Abstract Views :255 | PDF Views:83

Authors

A. Gupta ¹, A. Sarangi ², D. K. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 113, No 02 (2017), Pagination: 264-271

Abstract

Experiment was conducted using weighing-type field lysimeters to determine single and dual crop coefficients (K_c) and to estimate water productivity of mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivar, Pusa Vijay (NPJ-93) during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15. It was observed that the single crop coefficient (K_c) during rabi 2013-14 was 0.39, 0.72, 1.02 and 0.5 for initial, development, mid and late stages respectively. While in dual Kc the value of K_cb (basal crop coefficient) was 0.19, 0.55, 0.91 and 0.24 for the four stages, respectively. During rabi 2014-15, the single Kc was 0.36, 0.63, 1.04 and 0.44 and for dual K_c the value of K_cb was 0.17, 0.46, 0.91 and 0.23 for four stages respectively. Relationship between K_cb and leaf area index as well as between K_cb and growing degree days was also established. Water productivity was estimated to be 14.9 kg/ha-mm corresponding to grain yield of 2.34 t ha^-1 with 157 mm of total irrigation water applied during rabi 2013-14. Whereas during rabi 2014-15, water productivity was 15.4 kg/ha-mm with grain yield of 2.89 t ha^-1 with 187 mm depth of applied irrigation. Nonetheless, the estimated crop coefficients of mustard can be used for judicious irrigation scheduling in order to enhance water productivity in semi-arid environment.

Keywords

Brassica juncea, Crop Coefficient, Evapotranspiration, Leaf Area Index, Water Productivity.

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References

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Modelling Vadose Zone Processes for Assessing Groundwater Recharge in Semi-Arid Region

Abstract Views :229 | PDF Views:70

Authors

A. T. Dandekar ¹, D. K. Singh ², A. Sarangi ², A. K. Singh ³

Affiliations
1 College of Agriculture, B. Gudi, University of Agricultural Science-Raichur, Raichur 585 287, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institure, New Delhi 110 012, IN
3 Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior 474 002, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 114, No 03 (2018), Pagination: 608-618

Abstract

Normally groundwater recharge is estimated using methods based on water balance, water table fluctuations, fixed factor of annual rainfall and tracer movement. In many of these methods water stored in the vadose zone and evapotranspiration are not accounted properly. These factors control groundwater recharge to a large extent, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions which are normally characterized by a deep water table, thick vadose zone and high evapotranspiration. In this study, HYDRUS-1D and MODFLOW models were used to assess the recharge flux and groundwater recharge in an area under a semi-arid region giving due consideration to important vadose zone processes. Cumulative recharge flux at water table in various sub-areas varied from 20.01 cm to 23.43 cm (29.26% to 34.26% of the monsoon rainfall). The average groundwater recharge was 22.2%. Total surface runoff in various sub-areas varied from 3.39 cm to 14.36 cm (5% to 21% of the monsoon rainfall). Evapotranspiration was found to be a major recharge controlling factor. Reference evapotranspiration varied from 37.19 cm to 45 cm (54% to 66% of the monsoon rainfall). Natural recharge under the prevailing pumping rate and pumping schedule was 23.3% of the monsoon rainfall. Simulation results revealed that if all the surface runoff is retained in the area, water table will rise by 1.46 m.

Keywords

Groundwater Recharge Modelling, HYDRUS and MODLFOW, Semi-Arid Region, Vadoze Zone Processes.

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Modelling of Climate-Induced Groundwater Recharge for Assessing Carbon Emission from Groundwater Irrigation

Abstract Views :276 | PDF Views:84

Authors

G. T. Patle ¹, D. K. Singh ², A. Sarangi ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology, Central Agricultural University, Gangtok 737 135, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 115, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 64-73

Abstract

In this study impact of climate change on groundwater recharge is investigated and the carbon emission from groundwater irrigation is assessed under projected climate change scenarios for Karnal district of Haryana state in India. HYDRUS-1D and MODFLOW models were used to simulate the climate change impacts on groundwater recharge for different projected climate change scenarios. Simulation results showed that groundwater recharge would increase marginally by 2030 over the baseline year of 2008 under the scenario based on ARIMA predictions, which considered the effect of all climate parameters. However, under the scenarios, which considered only rise in temperature, groundwater recharge would decrease by 0.07–0.22 m. Rise in temperature by 3.5°C and 4.3°C along with 9% and 16% increase in rainfall over the base year would increase the recharge by 0.09 m and 0.14 m respectively. The study also revealed that the effect of climate change on cumulative recharge would be more in sugarcane fields than in rice fields. Carbon emission of groundwater irrigation under the scenarios based on rise in temperature only would increase by a minimum of 12 kg CO₂/ha in pearl millet crop by the year 2030 to a maximum of 3250 kg CO₂/ha for sugarcane crop by the end of this century. Estimated total carbon emission in 2030 would be 345,857 metric tonne from groundwater irrigation in Karnal district which is 87,474 metric tonne more than the baseline emission.

Keywords

Climate Change, Carbon Emission, Groundwater Modelling, Groundwater Recharge, HYDRUS, MODFLOW.

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Assessing Water Footprints and Virtual Water Flows in Gomti River Basin of India

Abstract Views :191 | PDF Views:69

Authors

Santosh S. Mali ¹, D. K. Singh ², A. Sarangi ², S. S. Parihar ²

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Centre, Ranchi 834 010, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 115, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 721-728

Abstract

This article analyses the blue, green and grey water footprints and virtual water flows within the Gomti river basin (GRB) in India. Assessments were made at spatial resolution of agricultural production units (APUs). An APU is a homogeneous spatial unit delineated on the basis of soil type, agro-ecological region and district boundaries. Water footprints of crop production and consumption were compared to arrive at virtual water balance within the GRB. Results show that water footprint of GRB was 12,773 million m³ year^–1. Crop production was the largest water consumer accounting for 95.5% of water footprint within the basin. The higher proportion of blue water footprint (47.3%) indicates the dependence of GRB on irrigated agriculture. Contribution of rainfed agriculture to total water footprint was about 11.2%. Considerable portion of blue water is used in the production of low value water-intensive crops. The GRB was assessed as a net virtual water importer, indicating its dependence on the water resources of other river basins; it imports 2945 million m³ virtual water annually. This scenario can be changed if the area allocated to different water-intensive crops is optimized and limited to the extent that meets the consumption needs within the basin, leading to reduction in production surplus of these crops.

Keywords

Economic Water Productivity, River Basin, Virtual Water Flow, Water Footprint.

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Wheat Production Functions Under Irrigated Saline Environment and Foliar Potassium Fertigation

Abstract Views :236 | PDF Views:74

Authors

Mukesh Kumar ¹, A. Sarangi ², D. K. Singh ², S. Sudhishri ², A. R. Rao ³

Affiliations
1 Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal 462 038, IN
2 Water Technology Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
3 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 118, No 12 (2020), Pagination: 1939-1945

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to develop management alternatives for wheat cultivars (salt-tolerant and salt non-tolerant) cultivated under irrigated saline environment (groundwater, 4, 8 and 12 dS m^–1) and foliar potassium fertigation. The grain yield of wheat cultivars decreased with the increase in salinity levels of irrigation water. The foliar potassium fertigation during the heading stage of wheat cultivars ameliorated the adverse effect of salinity and resulted in the increase in grain yield. In this study, empirical equations for wheat yield known as production function have been developed. The production functions were developed keeping grain yield parameter as output, besides the many input parameters pertaining to quantity and quality of the irrigation water, quantity of potassium applied as foliar spray and rainfall depth during the crop growth period. The production function with higher coefficient of determination (R²) may be used to predict grain yield of both salt-tolerant and salt non-tolerant cultivars under different saline irrigation regimes, rainfall and irrigation water depths, besides the dose of potassium sulphate (K²SO₄) for foliar spray. The production function which gave the highest R² value (i.e. 0.82 for KRL-1-4 and 0.97 for HD 2894 wheat cultivars) could be used for foliar spray under different salinity regimes with high expectation of grain yield. The predicted grain yield and estimated quantity of potassium under different salinity levels of irrigation water may prove useful to different stakeholders for enhancing the wheat yield in high saline water areas. The stakeholders can predict the grain yield under similar circumstances as explained in this experiment and estimate the appropriate potassium doses to be applied for enhancing the wheat yield.

Keywords

Foliar Potassium Fertigation, Irrigation Water, Production Function, Salt-Tolerant Cultivar, Wheat Yield.

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Flow measuring devices in surface irrigation for enhancing agricultural water productivity

Abstract Views :200 | PDF Views:84

Authors

A. Kumar ¹, A. Sarangi ²

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
2 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 122, No 10 (2022), Pagination: 1135-1144

Abstract

Judicious use of water plays a vital role in enhancing its productivity in agriculture. In India, surface irrigation covers about 88% of the irrigated area with application efficiency ranging from 30% to 40%. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve water application efficiency of canal commands and other areas under surface irrigation. Water application efficiency can be improved by minimizing conveyance losses and by judicious irrigation scheduling pertaining to different crops, which can be accomplished by accurate measurement of irrigation water. Measurement of irrigation water supplied to farmlands not only assists in the saving of water but also enhances water productivity in agriculture. The most popular device for measuring irrigation water in field channels is the Parshall flume, which has undergone a series of modifications to simplify its construction, improve the accuracy of measurements and reduce its cost leading to its wider acceptance by the stakeholders. Thus, it becomes imperative to develop an accurate, low-cost and portable flow-measuring device for enhancing agricultural water productivity. Moreover, a review of the literature reveals limited availability of portable and digital flow-measuring devices for real-time measurement of surface irrigation through field channels. Nonetheless, it is established that the use of flow-measuring devices in surface irrigation will not only save water but also expand the area under irrigation, ensure its sustainability and improve agricultural water productivity.

Keywords

Agriculture, field channels, flow-measuring devices, surface irrigation, water productivity.

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Comparative Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation Models In New Bhupania Minor Command, Jhajjar, Haryana, India

Abstract Views :95 | PDF Views:60

Authors

Venkatesh Gaddikeri ¹, A. Sarangi ², D. K. Singh ¹, K. K. Bandyopadhyay ³, Bidisha Chakrabarti ⁴, S. K. Sarkar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India., IN
2 Water Science and Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India., IN
3 Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India., IN
4 Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India., IN
5 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India., IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 124, No 10 (2023), Pagination: 1181-1187

Abstract

Accurate quantification of reference crop evapotran-spiration (ETo) plays a significant role in determining crop water requirements in irrigated agriculture. A plethora of methods for the estimation of ETo are available. However, the regional suitability of these methods needs to be assessed given the limited availa-bility of meteorological data. In this study, daily estimates of 11 ETo models were selected and compared with the FAO-Penman–Monteith equation (FAO-PM). The select-ed methods were Blaney–Criddle (BC), Jaisen–Haise (JH), Hargreaves method (HM), McGuinness–Borndne (MB), Chapman (CM), Abtew model (AM), Turc method (TM), FAO-PM equation, Penman equation (PM), Prie-stley–Taylor (PT) and Matt–Shuttleworth (MS). Evalua-tion of these models was carried out during 2016–20 in the New Bhupania Minor Command of the Dulhera dis-tributary, Western Yamuna Canal Command (WYCC), Haryana, India. The selected models were evaluated to find a substitute for the FAO-PM equation based on different statistical indices. It was observed that the PT method performed best and was in line with the FAO-PM equation with correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error, Nash–Sutcliffe co-efficient and mean bias error as 0.92, 0.74, 0.48, 0.83, 0.171 respectively. Based on this study and statistical error indices values, the models can be ranked as PT > CM > TM > JH > AM > PM > MS > HM > BC > MB. Thus, we recommend using the PT model for the esti-mation of ETo in the study area with available meteoro-logical parameters for irrigation scheduling.

Keywords

Canal Command, Climatological Data, Comparative Evaluation, Evapotranspiration Estimation Models, Irrigated Agriculture.

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